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The veterinary environment is inherently stressful. The sights, sounds, and smells of a clinic trigger the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, resulting in the release of glucocorticoids (cortisol) and catecholamines (adrenaline). While the acute stress response is adaptive in the wild, preparing the animal for "flight or flight," it is maladaptive in a clinical setting.

Veterinary Ethology, Animal Welfare, Behavioral Medicine, Stress Response, Low-Stress Handling. wwwzoofilia