: Operated by major investment banks like Goldman Sachs or Morgan Stanley .
, written by Scott Patterson, is a non-fiction investigative work that details the evolution of electronic trading and the eventual rise of high-frequency trading (HFT) "bots". : Operated by major investment banks like Goldman
However, the fundamental architecture remains. Today, machine trading accounts for roughly 60% to 70% of all U.S. equity volume. The rise of Artificial Intelligence has only sharpened the teeth of these algorithms. We have moved from HFT to AI-driven predictive modeling, where machines don't just react to orders but anticipate human sentiment before a trade is even placed. Today, machine trading accounts for roughly 60% to
The shift toward electronic trading began with idealistic intentions. Programming geniuses like Josh Levine envisioned a more democratic market where computerized hubs, such as his creation , would wrest control from large exchanges that traditionally favored giant institutions. We have moved from HFT to AI-driven predictive