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The human-animal bond is mutually beneficial: pet ownership reduces owner blood pressure and depression. However, this benefit imposes a duty of stewardship , not ownership. Ethically, animals are sentient beings capable of pain, fear, and joy. Therefore, the principle of non-maleficence ("do no harm") applies. Practices such as declawing cats (onychectomy) for furniture protection or debarking dogs (devocalization) for owner convenience are ethically indefensible in non-therapeutic contexts, as they mutilate an animal for trivial human gain.

: A more modern approach that emphasizes the importance of positive experiences (contentment, curiosity) rather than just the absence of suffering. Essential Pet Care Practices The human-animal bond is mutually beneficial: pet ownership

Even well-intentioned owners can contribute to systemic welfare problems. Three major threats are identified: not ownership. Ethically