The GRACE-FO mission is a collaboration between NASA and the German Aerospace Center (DLR), building on the success of the original GRACE mission, which operated from 2002 to 2007. GRACE-FO consists of two satellites orbiting the Earth, equipped with highly sensitive instruments that measure the distance between them with extreme precision. Changes in the mass distribution on and beneath the Earth's surface cause tiny variations in the gravitational field, which in turn affect the satellites' orbits. By analyzing these variations, scientists can infer changes in the distribution of mass, particularly in the form of water stored in the Earth's crust.
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